U.S. President Donald Trump, in an early morning social media publish, introduced Maduro’s seize. Venezuela’s vp, Delcy Rodríguez, later introduced that the whereabouts of Maduro and his spouse, Cilia Flores, remained unknown. Trump’s legal professional normal, Pam Bondi, stated Maduro and Flores, would face expenses after an indictment in New York.
Maduro’s fall was the fruits of months of stepped-up U.S. stress on varied fronts.
He had spent the final months of his presidency fueling hypothesis over the intentions of the U.S. authorities to assault and invade Venezuela with the purpose of ending the self-proclaimed socialist revolution that his late mentor and predecessor, Hugo Chávez, ushered in 1999. Maduro, like Chávez, forged the US as Venezuela’s largest menace, railing in opposition to Democratic and Republic administrations for any efforts to revive democratic norms.
Maduro’s political profession started 40 years in the past. In 1986, he traveled to Cuba to obtain a 12 months of ideological instruction, his solely formal training after highschool. Upon his return, he labored as a bus driver for the Caracas subway system, the place he shortly turned a union chief. Venezuela’s intelligence businesses within the Nineteen Nineties recognized him as a leftist radical with shut ties to the Cuban authorities.
Maduro ultimately left his driver job and joined the political motion that Chávez organized after receiving a presidential pardon in 1994 for main a failed and bloody army coup years earlier. After Chávez took workplace, the previous youth baseball participant rose by way of the ranks of the ruling get together, spending his first six years as a lawmaker earlier than turning into president of the Nationwide Meeting. He then served six years as international minister and a pair months as vp.
Appointed the political inheritor to Chávez
Chávez used his final handle to the nation earlier than his loss of life in 2013 to anoint Maduro as his successor, asking his supporters to vote for the then-foreign affairs minister ought to he die. The selection shocked supporters and detractors alike. However Chávez’s huge electoral capital delivered Maduro a razor-thin victory that 12 months, giving him his first six-year time period, although he would by no means benefit from the devotion that voters professed for Chávez.
Maduro married Flores, his companion of practically 20 years, in July 2013, shortly after he turned president. He known as her the “first combatant,” as an alternative of first woman, and thought of her an important adviser.
Maduro’s complete presidency was marked by a fancy social, political and financial disaster that pushed hundreds of thousands into poverty, drove greater than 7.7 million Venezuelans emigrate and put 1000’s of actual or perceived authorities opponents in jail, the place many had been tortured, some at his course. Maduro complemented the repressive equipment by purging establishments of anybody who dared dissent.
Venezuela’s disaster took maintain throughout Maduro’s first 12 months in workplace. The political opposition, together with the now-Nobel Peace Prize winner María Corina Machado, known as for road protests in Caracas and different cities. The demonstrations evidenced Maduro’s iron fist as safety forces pushed again protests, which ended with 43 deaths and dozens of arrests.
Maduro’s United Socialist Occasion of Venezuela would go on to lose management of the Nationwide Meeting for the primary time in 16 years within the 2015 election. Maduro moved to neutralize the opposition-controlled legislature by establishing a pro-government Constituent Meeting in 2017, resulting in months of protests violently suppressed by safety forces and the army.
Greater than 100 folks had been killed and 1000’s had been injured within the demonstrations. A whole bunch had been arrested, inflicting the Worldwide Prison Court docket to open an investigation in opposition to Maduro and members of his authorities for crimes in opposition to humanity. The investigation was nonetheless ongoing in 2025.
In 2018, Maduro survived an assassination try when drones rigged with explosives detonated close to him as he delivered a speech throughout a nationally televised army parade.
Bedeviled by financial issues
Maduro was unable to cease the financial free fall. Inflation and extreme shortages of meals and medicines affected Venezuelans nationwide. Total households starved and started migrating on foot to neighboring international locations. Those that remained lined up for hours to purchase rice, beans and different fundamentals. Some fought on the streets over flour.
Ruling get together loyalists moved the December 2018 presidential election to Might and blocked opposition events from the poll. Some opposition politicians had been imprisoned; others fled into exile. Maduro ran nearly unopposed and was declared winner, however dozens of nations didn’t acknowledge him.
Months after the election, he drew the fury after social media movies confirmed him feasting on a steak ready by a star chef at a restaurant in Turkey whereas hundreds of thousands in his nation had been going hungry.
Underneath Maduro’s watch, Venezuela’s financial system shrank 71% between 2012 and 2020, whereas inflation topped 130,000%. Its oil manufacturing, the beating coronary heart of the nation, dropped to lower than 400,000 barrels a day, a determine as soon as unthinkable.
The primary Trump administration imposed financial sanctions in opposition to Maduro, his allies and state-owned firms to attempt to drive a authorities change. The measures included freezing all Venezuelan authorities property within the U.S. and prohibiting Americans and worldwide companions from doing enterprise with Venezuelan authorities entities, together with the state-owned oil firm.
Out of choices, Maduro started implementing a sequence of financial measures in 2021 that ultimately ended Venezuela’s hyperinflation cycle. He paired the financial modifications with concessions to the U.S.-backed political opposition with which it restarted negotiations for what many had hoped can be a free and democratic presidential election in 2024.
Maduro used the negotiations to achieve concessions from the U.S. authorities, together with the pardon and jail launch of one in all his closest allies and the sanctions license that allowed oil big Chevron to restart pumping and exporting Venezuelan oil. The license turned his authorities’s monetary lifeline.
Dropping help in lots of locations
Negotiations led by Norwegian diplomats didn’t resolve key political variations between the ruling get together and the opposition.
In 2023, the federal government banned Machado, Maduro’s strongest opponent, from operating for workplace. In early 2024, it intensified its repressive efforts, detaining opposition leaders and human rights defenders. The federal government additionally compelled key members of Machado’s marketing campaign to hunt asylum at a diplomatic compound in Caracas, the place they remained for greater than a 12 months to keep away from arrest.
Hours after polls closed within the 2024 election, the Nationwide Electoral Council declared Maduro the winner. However not like earlier elections, it didn’t present detailed vote counts. The opposition, nonetheless, collected and revealed tally sheets from greater than 80% of digital voting machines used within the election. The information confirmed Edmundo González defeated Maduro by a greater than 2-to-1 margin.
Protests erupted. Some demonstrators toppled statues of Chávez. The federal government once more responded with full drive and detained greater than 2,000 folks World leaders rejected the official outcomes, however the Nationwide Meeting sworn in Maduro for a 3rd time period in January 2025.
Trump’s return to the White Home that very same month proved to be a sobering second for Maduro. Trump shortly pushed Maduro to just accept common deportation flights for the primary time in years. By the summer season, Trump had constructed up a army drive within the Caribbean that put Venezuela’s authorities on excessive alert and began taking steps to deal with what it known as narco-terrorism.
For Maduro, that was the start of the top.
