“I think there tend to be two ways to know the novelist George Saunders. One is through his amazing novels and short story collections. “Lincoln in the Bardo” is, I think, one of my favorite books of all time. The other is in his public facing role as one of America’s leading prophets, proselytizers of kindness. And this role is built on the virality of this beautiful commencement speech he gave some years ago about kindness. Who in your life do you remember most fondly, with the most undeniable feelings of warmth? Those who were kindest to you I bet. It’s a little facile, maybe, and certainly hard to implement, but I’d say as a goal in life you could do worse than try to be kinder. I’ve talked to Saunders about that speech. He was on the show in 2021, in an episode that many people tell me is their favorite. And I’ve always thought of Saunders a little bit in that mode, the kindness guy. But reading his new novel “Vigil,” which is about an oil tycoon on his deathbed, being visited by angels and people from his past, trying to get him to reassess his own life. I began to realize that Saunders is more interested in something else now not kindness, but the question of judgment. Not just how do we treat others, but how do we understand our own lives. But in this book, you can feel Saunders searching for bigger, darker game. This is a book about sin and judgment. It’s about free will and whether or not we have it. And in it there is some. There’s a very fundamental tension between the side of Saunders that does not want to judge. It wants to explain who we are in terms of the conditions we came from, which is a stance of very deep compassion. And the side of him that thinks judgment is necessary, that sin needs to be recognized, and that you cannot have truth if you are not willing to open up to ideas of fundamental wrongdoing. And so I wanted to renegotiate some of these questions with Saunders. I wanted to see for him right now, in this moment, what lies beyond kindness. As always, my email ezrakleinshow@nytimes.com George Saunders, welcome back to the show. It’s so nice to be here Thanks for having me. So there’s a moment in your New book visual, where one of the main characters is on his deathbed. And he offers this prayer. He says, thank you, Lord. Thank you for making me who I was and not some little squirming, powerless nincompoop. Thank you for making me unique. One of a kind, incomparable. Victorious tell me about that prayer. Well, he’s a guy who has been driven by ambition his whole life, and it served him pretty well. He’s a big, really powerful oil executive. He had some as I imagined him, some early kind of insecurity and stillers. And then his whole life, he was working against that to try to assert himself and give himself enough power that he’d never feel that again. And he did it. And I think he’s just kind of turning to God and saying, I’m correct, aren’t I. Like, I did it right. That’s why you gave me all this power. Yes he hears God saying did great. So it’s from my perspective, a moment of extreme delusion. Where he’s getting exactly the wrong message from the moment he’s in. But from my own experience of being a person, you develop a certain approach to life to keep anxiety at Bay, to solidify your view of yourself, to make it easier to get through life. And then it’s really hard to peel that away. He has an opportunity to maybe have a different perspective on his life. And he just passes. Do you think there’s a question inside of that, a question that maybe feels very culturally relevant to me right now, which is whether the greatness that the world rewards, the power that the world offers is something to be lauded or is actually something to be feared and ashamed of. Well, I think it’s something to look askance at, even if I mean, I think everybody, to a greater or lesser extent, is involved in that of trying to get over in some way trying to push back on the natural fear that we have of being out of control and being in life. But I think what should be becoming clear to us is that if you say power is everything, if I get that power, I’m safe. That’s completely BS. And there’s not a world where one person could have so much power as to be above suffering. There just isn’t. So I think our culture is in a particular moment where we have forgotten that for various reasons. So it’s easy for politically and maybe personally to think if I just get enough of this thing, this power, then I’m safe. But that’s clearly delusional. And if this validation I was thinking about reading that you have a safer form of social acclaim. You’re a novelist and a writer and very beloved. And people quote your work on kindness. And so there’s a lot of social praise that has come into you. I have my own version of this, and it can be I think, pretty easy if you’re having a moment of self-doubt to fall back on these things. The world has told you about yourself. So I wondered, when I read this, whether any part of you identified without prayer, the feelings within it. I mean, when you write a book like this Everybody is and you both believe in them and you think they’re full of it. That’s the whole game of being a novelist. So in that part, I remember thinking, O.K, George, if you were on your deathbed and some evidence was presented that you wasted your life, what would your response be. And of course, you want to think it would be, oh, I am corrected. But in fact, what you double down, you say Yeah, but I wrote books. And so that’s a big, big danger I think for anybody and certainly for me. You the praise comes in and you accept it very happily and it inflates you. The blame comes in and you don’t accept it quite so easily and you deflect it. I find it to be the opposite, actually. Oh, no. That’s right. That’s a good point. The praise. The praise goes off the back. Well that’s true. It’s water off a duck. And then it’s like you got one mean comment and you’re thinking about it for two weeks. Yes, yes. But for sure. And one of the cool things about getting older, actually, is that you realize that everything in the universe is giving you the memo, that you’re temporary and that you’re on the way out. Your hairline, your body the way you feel. But then in a moment where you get praised, that information contradicts that somehow. And the ego goes, oh, we are important. We are permanent. I’m still growing in import. And so I was actually thinking about a different moment in your life as I was reading the book because obviously it’s about CJ Boone, an oil company CEO. But you worked early in your life as a geophysical prospector. What is a geophysical prospector? Well, I was trained at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden in that what we would do is we’d go into an area where there might be oil, and then we’d plant a dynamite charge 10 or 15 underground, blow it off, and then with of sophisticated system of sensors, we would record the sound waves as they came back up. And then that could be used in these complex computer things to predict the three dimensional topography underground, which then in turn could be used to locate Wells Yeah how did you get into that. Well, I trained for it. I mean, I was a geophysics major Yeah, I figured Yeah, yeah. I just thought I’d try. They don’t just send you out with dynamite. No and that was at that time in the 80s. That was kind of what they were teaching at the School of Mines in geophysics. So, yeah, highly mathematical and technical. And, and it was kind of I mean, one of the things that happened that was kind of life informing I was kind of a trainee and I was in a room and they were having a meeting in the next room of the higher UPS, and it became clear I could overhear it that the grid that we were using to submit our drilling recommendations and grid that the National oil company of Indonesia was using were different. So we would say drill here and they would take it onto their map and drill in a completely randomized location. And so as a conversation unfolded, I’m like, oh, everybody’s getting kind of awkwardly quiet in there. And then there was a kind of a group agreement that this was unfortunate, but it could be overlooked and it wouldn’t go any further up the line. So for 10 years they’ve been drilling, they’ve been spending millions of dollars on this information and then randomizing it and drilling anyway. And then they just decided to keep it quiet. So it was Kafka. So what was Yeah, it does sound very Kafka esque. So what was and what is your relationship to oil, to energy, to this fundamental engine of human existence and use it progress and destruction Yeah I mean, I have at that time it was very simple. I mean, it was just an adventure. And at that time, I think people weren’t really talking climate change much. There was some sense that I saw firsthand of that we were kind of running roughshod over the environment in that area and also of over the culture. We were just imperialist. But mostly for me, it was just thrilling. We would go into these rainforests where no one had ever set foot and we’d drill these or not drill, but we have the local guys cut a very narrow path and we’d go in and there were Tigers. And it was for a 22-year-old, it was a thrill. So I used that in the book just to get away into his mind somebody who feels positively about this endeavor. And I could see if I’d been a little more talented at it. I might have, become an executive. And those early feelings of tribal pride would probably have just grown and grown. I want to come back to the tribal pride, but before that. So CJ Boone, oil well, company CEO, as I mentioned. Did you research him. Is he based on anyone for you. How did you put yourself in the mind of a robber Baron of sorts, right. What I do is I research a bunch for a month. I just read everything I can find, and then I take notes, and then I just put it away. And the purpose of that is not to ever give someone’s biography or to have a real life basis, but just so that the invention is within the realm of the plausible and for the voice and the attitude. I’m always trying to find a corollary to that person in my mind. And then try to build that corollary out. So with him taking that early oil experience, also kind of superimposing my writing life, the pride I feel in that and the investment I have in that, and then just growing that out line by line. And so the game is to make sure that with each one of those, you’ve done them the service of really listening and really trying to inhabit the world through their point of view. What are the years you’re writing this book. What are the years. What are you writing. Kind of the last three. The last three. So the last three years, I think specifically, have been a fight over what we should think about quote unquote, great men of history. What should you think about. And this goes back before the last few years, but the last decade, let’s call it, which is certainly, I think, in your head, what should you think about the founding fathers of this country. What should you think about somebody with a personality of Donald Trump. Clearly a man who is bent the river of history himself, Elon Musk, Mark Zuckerberg. I was just at the Frick gallery I mean, what a beautiful gallery. And then you read a little bit about Henry Frick and there’s a lot of it’s built on some blood Yeah, that incredible museum, and there’s both the critique of them. And then also in the period in which you’re writing, specifically the backlash to that critique, the backlash to the idea that we have swept away the need for these conquerors, these human beings who are engines of a certain kind of progress. And you may not. What that progress requires, but that is how we have America. That is how one day go to Mars. That is how we got to the moon, that it’s not all nice and but there has been, I think, a cultural five years ago, 10 years ago, it felt like the critique was winning. Now it feels a very joined lined up for battle. And I’m curious how all this was sitting in your mind during it. If it was, watch me evade this question. No, because for me, that kind of question puts my head in a spin. Your question is very good. And it is in my heart. But for me to way to work it out is on the page. So the thing is, I think a person can access more truth with. As he seeks greater specificity. The specificity has to be in a locale. So when I think about the great men of history in general, I don’t come up with much that any drunk uncle at a party couldn’t come up with. But if I locate it in the person of this CJ Boone, then I can work through it. Well, let’s talk about the way you work it out on the page, because I think we’re not saying something different. I just see you working out what actually feels to me a very live social argument on the page. I’d like to have you read much of the book is an argument between Boone and his critics in the form of angels and visitations. At the time of his death, and I want to have you read this section on page 18. There was a story often told. Perhaps you’ve heard this one. Don’t stop me if you have, though I dearly love to tell it. Little boys grousing doesn’t like cars because of the pollution. Where this one was going. I bet the father pulls the car over to the side of the road. Then I suppose you’ll want to walk. End of objections from L, kiddo. Your choice. Jack dying in the back of a horse cart, stuck in the mud or zinging toward help. Aircon blasting anyone with a lick of sense would choose the latter. We had. The world had. That was what was so damn stupid about it. People forgot the empty larder. Forgot drought, forgot famine. Forgot what it was like to be at the mercy of the world. Forgot what it was like to be at the mercy of the world. This is part of his self-conception. He self-conception. He is one of these people who have removed to some degree humanity from the mercy of the world. Tell me about the feelings, the argument, the life experience you’re channeling there. Well there was a time when I was in my 20s that my dad had a restaurant, and it burned down. So things were rough, and we were living in Texas, and I just got that first sense that in our country, if things got tough below a certain level, nobody was coming except your friends and family and that landed on me. I mean, I was kind of a upbeat, optimistic at that time, Ayn Rand kind of guy. But still it landed. And then many years later, when we had our family and we didn’t have any money saved. We were just kind of going paycheck to paycheck. That feeling kind of came back almost like a flashback. Oh, God. For all of the kind of surface glitter of the culture, if you drop below a certain level, you’re an embarrassment. And there’s no the cavalry isn’t coming. So I think and now I’ll add a third thing. There was when I first got out of college, there was a friend of mine from high school, and I went to visit him, and he was living in his mom’s basement, and he had a good job and very attractive, intelligent guy. And the question hovered over like, why are you still at your mom’s. And he said that he’d had certain experiences when he was young and they were very poor that were quite humiliating for him. And he’d internalize them. And he said, I’m not moving out of this basement until I’m a millionaire. And that really struck me, because he was not somebody who was at all off center or deficient in any way. He was high achieving guy. But that early pain had had stung him. So I think that’s what this guy is tapping into. Maybe in a more general sense, I think that’s what I mean. That’s what capitalism is about, really. I mean, it’s beautiful if you’re above the line and if your below the line. Capitalism was that line that capitalism, capitalism plunders the sensuality of the body. So I thought, well, if I want to have a motivation for him that isn’t easily dismissed, that’s a pretty good one. And I could feel it. I could really feel it. Let me actually try to argue that even more strongly than you did that last line, you just made me think about it, because I actually agree that capitalism can plunder the sensuality of the body. I think if you’re working in lithium mining, in unsafe conditions to feed the world’s desire for various electronics. The sensuality of your body is being pretty plundered. On the other hand, what plunders the sensuality of the body is half of all human beings dying before their 15 years old, and a quarter of them before their one-year-old. It was interesting to me in that answer, you went towards the question of money and the social safety net. Which I even understood in the way you wrote this. You talking about something much more fundamental, which is to what degree do we live insulated from nature by technology versus to what degree are we at the mercy of nature. To what degree do we control the world, which is what we’re always trying to do as human beings, for better and for worse versus to what degree does the world control us. I mean, the lines are dying in the back of a horse cart, stuck in the mud or zinging toward help. Aircon air conditioning. Blasting your book talks a lot about the death from natural disasters that are worsened by climate change. But I think the numbers are something like we have a fifth as many deaths from natural disasters as we did in 1960. That’s partially because we are so much better at building and getting emergency response to places and telling people where to go. And so there’s this really deep, Janus faced nature to this modernity we’ve built. And yet I think we also look around at it and think something’s gone terribly wrong Yeah. I mean, again, in the local sense. I think about when our kids were little and I was working, and it was a great job to find a tech writer. And this is maybe a fact of contemporary life. For 10 hours a day, I was doing something that had no relation to anything that I cared about except providing for. So within that workspace, I would do whatever I was photocopying. I was mopping up spills. I mean, it didn’t really matter. Writing technical reports. And so when I think about that plundering of the body, I think of that now again, it’s part of this huge system that you’re alluding to. But I think for the individual the journey through capitalism and especially, I think in my lifetime, it’s become one of increasingly handing over everything to sustenance. And as corporations become so powerful, the feeling that one should naturally give up more of one’s private space, more of one’s peace of mind in order to live within the system. I feel that’s something that’s really happened in my lifetime. I want to have you read one more part from actually that same page that I think also gets at an interesting way in which you make this argument through his voice. This is from whereas nowadays to just magically appear. Whereas nowadays folks padded past climate controlled cases of out-of-season vegetables and fish from faraway seas, and meat from animals who fed in Meadows under Mountain ranges, whose names a person could hardly pronounce, thinking YAP YAP YAP. Big deal. Pork from Denmark, salmon from the Bering Strait. Loaves of woven bread from Ferrara. All this is my right. When what it was a goddamn miracle. How would that bounty made its way here. Did it walk just magically appear. Go Waltz on someone else’s feet, Henry. I was so struck by that phrase. All of this is my right. And I feel like the thing you do really effectively when you’re inhabiting Boone’s voice is. Get the idea. It’s not a right. It’s not a miracle. We want it to be a miracle. What it is a supply chain. And nobody wants a supply chain. I was thinking when our kids were little, we lived in Syracuse and there was this incredible store called Wegmans. And you’d go in there, and it was just. It was like Bosch painting of bounty. And so, yeah, I mean, I’m big into contradictions. And so the idea that all of that, doesn’t just magically appear. I agree with him. Part of me that I summon there was the part that says, yeah, well, O.K, let’s get rid of oil. Let’s see what happens. And the real life corollaries of these guys, they made a lot of hay out of that idea that if we eliminate oil, which I don’t think anyone’s really calling for that. But if you do that end up with the punishment of the poor primarily. That was one of the big lines in the 90s. Who suffers the most. The poor. If you disrupt the supply chains, disrupt things as they are, the rich people are going to do O.K, but the poor are going to suffer. That was the line. Anyway one of the things I thought about reading that because I struggle with these questions. I mean, I wrote a book about abundance, which is all about technological prosperity, but also about in some ways, the ways it can go wrong if you have the abundance of the wrong thing, abundance of fossil fuel, you will choke on the air. One of the things that makes my stomach turn right is you’re usually not getting animals feeding in Meadows under Mountain ranges. You’re getting animals in a hellish industrial factory that you cannot even imagine, and that we often make it illegal to look into because if people knew what we were doing to the animals we kill for food, they would stop eating that meat. But I thought a thing you were playing with and you can tell me if this is right or wrong. It’s not just complicity. I think that’s too small. It’s desire. We talk about the great men of history, but at least under capitalism, you have the great wants of society. There needs to be a match between what is provided and what is desired. But somebody who thinks about some of those questions, you’re so often dealing with the power of what we want, even if we don’t really want to know how we get it. And let me O.K. So I think we have maybe different approaches based on our abilities and my ability to think larger and more abstract is not so good. So for me, when I think about I agree with what you say about wants. And so what I think is within the individual person as personified in a character or just the individual person. When I say I want there’s a lot of errors in that already. What’s if you look deeply into it from any of the great traditions, the self is a temporary illusion that appears at maybe at birth or maybe a little after birth. Some people think and so from the very beginning, if you define AI the way we conventionally do, from the minute we open our eyes in the world, there’s a problem, because my wanting means at some level I’m taking from you. Or it could mean we’re cooperating, but mostly it means I’m. I’m protecting that perimeter that makes AI makes me. There’s a great error in that from the very beginning. That, of course, is Darwinian. And we can’t get around it. But when you start from that point of view, all the problems come from that. Wait, but hold on. I want to know what the error was. The error is that in fact, when you go looking for what that AI consists of you, there’s nothing there. It’s an illusion that we create with. I think philosophers and Buddhists would say with thought make you reify Ezra, by thinking, I’ve got to put a sweater on and I like this one, and whatever, I’m going to do my show that you think that. So it’s totally natural. And, you can’t get around it. But from the minute you have that construction, you’re making a fundamental error because you’re not. You’re not centrally, not permanent, but also the construction of the eye is a neurological thing that is very fraught with illusion. It tells us that we’re perceiving correctly, but we’re constructing in every instant. So, I mean, it sounds very Woo Woo, but the truth is that that’s where a lot of the big problems come from, because that central delusion gets multiplied. So when we think about power, O.K, what would power look like if we had the correct understanding of our being. Well, it would have a lot to do with cooperation first, because the idea that you and I are separate is actually demonstrably false. If you look on a cellular level, it’s just a bunch of molecules. So I think the big struggle of the human race is, can we figure out a way to make an accommodation with the essential truth that actually this illusion of self isn’t true. What would that community look like. And so that. So when I’m thinking about characters, I’m thinking about that really. This person has certain desires. How do those desires square with metaphysical reality. And then how does that character’s actions get him into trouble. Because he is acting on that delusion of a central self, if that makes sense. How do you think about that. And I’m going to not let us get too deep into the Buddhism here, because I love talking with you, because I don’t really know that much about it. I love talk with you about Buddhism, but I’m going to take it in another direction in a second. Good luck. As you were saying. As you were saying, when the empty self that is Ezra puts on a sweater and he looks good in it, by the way. It’s O.K. It’s not. I need some New sweaters. I am cold. You’re not cold. The other people in this room are cold that myself might be empty, but it is me. And that wants to not be cold. I am having an experience that the other selves are not, of course. And as interdependent and connected to everything as I may be, I do want things. I want them all the time. No Of course. Of course. And I mean, that’s really what the book is about. There’s a relative truth, of course. What we want. And it’s beautiful to what we want to a certain extent. But on the absolute sense, it isn’t true to the extent that we go through life embracing that illusion wholeheartedly, I think we cause suffering. And of course, there’s a position where you can go, yeah, I want to wear my sweater. And also I recognize that this self is something that my mind is creating. And I think that’s where we get into spiritual ideas and. Well, let’s do that. Because one thing that struck me about this book, you were talking about the great traditions a moment ago. And in past conversations, we’ve talked a lot about and meditation and Buddhism. There was a deep Catholicism in this book. And you grew up Catholic, but you said that the central problem of the book is what to do with the sinner in the bed. You say in the book that Boone’s quote, sins were grievous. And so I want to start with the word sin. How do you understand sin. And what is your relationship to the idea of sin. Sin is what we were just talking about. This is not the Catholic understanding, but my understanding is sin just means you’re out of step with truth, whatever it might be. And the world has a way of either internally or from outside of punishing sin in that way. So again, if I think I’m a really tough guy and I’m still me and I go out and challenge somebody and I get my ass kicked, that’s. I’ve committed a sin. The sin of misunderstanding who I am. And then there’s a punishment. So for me in the book, the sin is just being out of touch with the way things actually are. That’s it. And so the again in Buddhism, karma. But what that really means is cause and effect. So basically, the view is cause and effect is absolutely undeniable. When you do something there’s a reaction. Now the karmic tragedy part of it is that we aren’t very good at predicting causes from effect. We think this action will cause this reaction. But we’re often so wrong. So, so cause and effect is God. Basically, God acts by cause and effect and in every moment. If we’re out of alignment with cause and effect, we suffer some. It may not be overt, but we suffer. That’s what my idea of sin is now. I’m thinking about your idea of truth. It sounds like what you were saying. Sorry I want to be. I’m just. I’m processing what you just said Cause and effect is God Cause and effect in this vision of the world is also a form of truth. There’s a truth to cause and effect. And if you’re out of alignment with it Yeah truth would be just. What is it. What is. So whatever you do, whatever your action is, the universe reacts to it as it however it likes. And to the extent that we can posit what that is, we’re in alignment with truth. And if we’re not then we’re out of alignment with truth. It’s interesting because it did feel to me that there was a tension in the book between a much more traditional idea of sin and choices made and repentance needed, in fact, particularly repentance needed through good works. And then what I would call a more Buddhist concept of everything is cause and effect. Everything is karmic and conditioned and must be looked at, non-judgmentally and compassionately. The other big idea, alongside sin that keeps coming up in the book, use the phrase an inevitable occurrence seven times. And there’s this one in which the angel Jill describes looking at the soul and the life of the man who murdered her. And she says he came to seem, if I may say it this way, inevitable, an inevitable occurrence upon which, therefore it would be impossible, even ludicrous, to pass judgment. Who else could he have been but who he was. And I feel like there is this tension between there is sin and we should pass judgment on it, and people should be judged and they must repent. And who could we be but who we are. How can you ask somebody to be anybody but the person they’ve become. Yes that’s exactly the tension of the book. Thank you. So Yes so Jill had an experience at her own death, and the experience was that she spontaneously inhabited the mind of the person responsible for her death. So this was kind of like she’s had on the costume of her Jill self her whole life. And of course, we do, she mistook that for the universe. Things are her qualia was the universe. Then in that split second, she took that costume off, put on the costume of this kind of repellent person who was quite would have been in real life, would have been quite disgusting to her. And from that point of view, she’s like, oh, O.K, I understand him, I am, I am him. And so this leads to this idea that from his point of view, he. And given that time only goes in one direction, how could he be any different than he is. It’s kind of an absurd thing to say. He’s done. So if he could have been more understanding, why wasn’t he. So again, time going in one direction. He’s finished. He was what he was. And that kind of complexity is what she feels that in a certain way, you’re. We understand that height, for example, is not negotiable. You didn’t choose to be the height you are. I think we also understand intelligence. You got the intelligence you wanted, but then we get into some murky areas when people say, well, you could work harder, you could work at it and freedom of choice, which is true. But even there, there’s a limit to it. And I would say, if you think of it in calculus terms if I want to improve my physical shape, for example, which would be a good idea. You look great. Thanks yeah. Don’t say this, but if you. But if you want us to do that O.K. So, you have to go to the gym. You’re going to find out that you have certain built in limitations, your body and your muscle type, all that kind of thing, but also your willpower, your interest. So my thought is that even those things are kind of pre given to you at birth. Now, I think people sometimes struggle with this and I struggle with it. But the idea is this. If you could imagine somebody that you cared about and maybe you had a fraught relationship with that person, they just died and they’re lying there in front of you and you say, I wish he’d been more X. I wish he’d been more understanding. If he should have been more articulate, why wasn’t he. And I think if we dig deeply enough into it. In this absolute sense, you’ll find that there is a kind of inevitability to that now. That’s Jill’s point of view. What she’s doing is saying it’s fine. Whatever you did is fine. Just leave the self and all is forgiven. It’s kind of my point of view, but as I wrote the book, I got more and more skeptical about it as I examined it. There’s a guy in the book called The Frenchman. His point of view is bullshit. Don’t give me that. When that guy was alive, somebody could have kicked his butt enough to get him to be more of quantity X So he’s urging her to get after boon and do whatever’s necessary to get him in relation to truth. The Frenchman is saying he’s still breathing. So you have a chance if you approach it skillfully to put him in alignment with truth. And that’s where the Salvation would come from. Even though he can’t move. He’s never going to move again if his mind could be correctly aligned. You saved him. Do you believe in free will. Depends where you put the point of view. Do you believe in free will. At this moment, I mean, in terms of I don’t know what I’m going to do when I leave here. That feels like free will. I think if you could run the whole clock of reality from the beginning, you’d see that the decision I made was, of course, pre-encoded by everything that came before. So the book was me kind of looking at that question, and I don’t know. I mean, except move the point of view around. That’s the book in some people that I’ve talked to. They’re reading the book and they think I’m endorsing Jill’s position, which I’m percent not. I’m going to stand for you will, for a moment. If you ask me seven years ago, my older son is about to turn 7, I would have told you that I believe that the space of decision making that can truly be called free will is not absent, but is incredibly more narrow than we like to think it is. And now, having had two kids and seeing how much they were themselves from the first moment, I believe it is even more narrow than that. And it’s not that we don’t make choices, but as you were saying when you were saying, if you want to change your shape, you go to the gym and you’re limited by things like willpower. Willpower does not seem to me to be something that we choose to generate. And again, it’s not that I feel like I make a lot of decisions in a day that I could make better or worse, but the me who makes them is much more conditioned. And I think when you love somebody like you love your kids, it becomes kind of beautifully true. It becomes beautiful. Yes if you’re the person that you love has this tendency, the judgment kind of goes away. It’s just something to accommodate and even be fond of. So I think that’s kind of Jill’s thing. And she came to it in a moment of trauma and inspiration. And how sometimes you have such a peak experience that you attempt to recreate it or you think, well, that felt so deep to me. It must be true. And that’s how I understand her. She’s got that she’s had that experience. And now, in her horror, really, to find that at 22, she’s dead. She’s clinging to that idea and she’s in a sense hiding behind it. So I think that’s why I kind of loved about her was that she’s in a real fix, but I see her as primarily kind of fearful to come out of that position. Jill’s fundamental purpose is comfort. She is there to comfort the mission she has been given, or the Salvation she has been given is to comfort. What is does comfort mean to you. Truth if you and I are in a cabin and we can hear there wolves outside. If I say it’s cool, they’re probably dogs. That’s not comfort. But if you look at each other and go, fuck, there’s wolves, that’s comfort. But she doesn’t have the capability to communicate that to him. I’m very skeptical of this. I’m trying to think about this. The comfort is truth Yeah I don’t want to say I’ve never been comforted by the truth. Oh, but you. But you that I have more often been comforted. You seek comfort for it in your work every day. You don’t. You come into work and you try to get to the bottom of complicated things, and you’re seeking comfort. I don’t find it comfortable, but you’re seeking. You’re in biological. You’re seeking homeostasis. That might be right. No, you want to calm yourself and comfort yourself by getting in closer relation to the truth so the world doesn’t seem so anarchic. I think comfort. I’m just thinking about this now as I’m interested in this topic. I was going to ask you in a moment about the idea of grace and your relationship to grace. But I think for me, I think about comforting my children. I think about being comforted by my mother. That comfort seems closer to Grace to me. And what Jill seems to be on divine grace. I think of grace. And I’m not Christian. I’m not Catholic. And Grace is one of these ideas that I find very beautiful without feeling like I have a deep understanding of it. So I want to be honest about where I’m coming from here. But I understand grace as far at its core, that there is a love God or the universe has for you that has nothing to do with what you’ve done that does not judge you. That exists despite all the reasons you may not have earned it, and it will always be there for you. And that can I say that’s the inverse or the shadow side of this elevation idea. Jill believes in that. Why do you describe the elevation idea that I’d like to hear description of well, well, Jill’s elevation is how Jill refers to this luminous event that she had on her death, where she understands people as inevitable occurrences. But that is another way, I think. I haven’t really thought through this, but of saying grace that everything is O.K, that ultimately you’re not to blame and you’re not to praise. You’re just the embodiment of God’s will. That something like that. But I guess I took elevation, it almost had a coldness to it, that this you’re an inevitable occurrence is very different than you are loved. I’m not sure. Because if you think of now, this is getting a little deep. But I think if you say it’s my hope Yeah, yeah. I mean, here’s a question. When you. Have you ever been comforted by a falsehood. Yes which one. When I was young, I had a terrible fear of vomiting. And night after night, I would ask my parents to promise me before I went to sleep that I wouldn’t throw up. And in that time, I was comforted by that. And did it work. I did not throw up in those years, so they were telling you the truth. Although right now one of my I never even made this connection until the second. But one of my sons asked me to do a little spell every night to keep away bad dreams. And it has not always worked. It’s just a little like a rhyme, but I do. But I think. But he’s comfort. He asked me for it every night anyway. Because you’re working on it together. In a sense. What you’re saying is all will be well. And I think that that’s a form of you extending grace to him, which isn’t exactly truthful. The spell isn’t exactly truthful, but the substrate or the foundation of the spell is true, I think, to bring it back to comfort, which again, I think is related for me to grace. But here’s how I describe comfort, the fundamental exchange of comfort when I think I offer to my children, or when it’s been offered to me, or when I offer to it, is somebody sitting there, no matter what is happening with you and saying, I am here and I love you Yeah, that’s it. That is what comforts another human being. And I think of Jill doing that in this book. You are dying and I am here. And on some level, I love you Yeah and it’s not that it is. I mean, the love has to be true or it’s better if it’s true, I think. But it’s not so much about being in a space of truth or a space of falsehood, so much as a space of there is presence here. There is. But where she gets into trouble. And again, I discovered this about halfway through, if you say if you are beating the shit out of another human being, and I say to you, Ezra, I’m here and I love you, that’s bullshit. That’s false. So I think in her situation, she says, I’m here and I love you and I don’t care what you did. Now from his point of view, I’d say does he knows what he did and he cares. And as the book goes on, he’s increasingly tormented by this denial. So I think they’re certainly saying, I love you, I’m here is percent beautiful in the right condition. But it also her problem is I think she’s got a bit of denial built into herself too. So for example, at the end condition, let’s say that he was a murdering rapist and she came down to his bed and said, I’m here. That somehow doesn’t seem sufficient, although by her definition, definition, it is so. So this is where the book really exploded into being interesting to me because I don’t really know the answer to these things. And of course, is that murdering rapist an inevitable occurrence. And so cannot be judged or right. And I think she would say in her peak elevation she’d say, yeah, yeah. But we feel I mean, I think in the book readers have talked to me about in the middle section God, Jill, you’re pissing me off. That’s a result of the fact that she isn’t really giving comfort. She’s doing what. In Buddhism, we idiot compassion where somebody drives a spike through your head and you say, thanks for the coat rack, that thing. So she’s not really doing what she claims to be doing. That’s, I think, the kind of her kind of sin or her tragedy is that I think she had a genuine insight. But when you go to apply it, it’s going to take a little less autopilot than she’s on. This is such a weird thing to say to a person sitting in front of you. You wrote something a while back in a Substack conversation you were having about how. You were talking about to what degree should we judge people who write books, and to what degree should their moral failings change the way we read the book. And I wish I had the quote in front of me because I love the quote, but you said something along the lines of the person who wrote the book doesn’t exist. Whoever that person was in the moment they were writing that book is gone. When they look up from channeling that moment of inspiration. Who George Saunders is right now is different than who George Saunders was when he was writing page 112 of vigil. And it’s interesting because I’m hearing you talk about sin and talking about it as being out of alignment with truth and just what is. And the book, as I read it, certainly had a much more traditional view of sin. I mean, the question of what is truth and what is that’s I mean, who among us is capable of understanding what is actually unfolding in time. But the book is very concerned. I mean, there is Jill who has this elevation and this belief that everybody is exactly who they are. And then there is this idea of sin that is. You chose. You did horrible things. You denied what you knew. You fooled other people and you justified it to yourself. That’s the hinge of Yeah, yeah. And, but it feels like more than being out of alignment with truth. I mean, I feel like there’s the world as it is. Could be all kinds of different ways. But it feels like you believe in morality here Yeah there was good and bad and evil and good in. As we said, in any specific situation there is because in the specific of the book, this guy spent many, many years knowing the truth and denying it. Now, the mechanism by which he did that, or the rationale is interesting. But he knew that climate change was a thing and he consciously or unconsciously denied it. That’s where he was out of sync with truth. One one of the books I had in mind while I was writing this was death of Ivan Ilyich by Tolstoy. And in that book. It’s a much more modest sinner, and his sin is just that he lived his life by the credo that I just want to do what everybody else is doing. I want to be normal. So at the end of his life, he gets stomach cancer and was based on a real thing that Tolstoy’s neighbors supposedly screamed for four straight days at the end of his life until I heard this story, I was like, wow, what would make you do that. So in the book, the guy has this intense physical pain, of course, but Tolstoy has layered in this idea you that he’s. That Ivan is starting to realize that he wasted his life by this idea of being normal. And there’s a beautiful moment where after many, many days of saying, why am I suffering so much when I lived the perfect life. He finally says to God, all right, maybe I didn’t maybe I didn’t. I lived out of alignment with truth. And at that point, he begins this rapid transformation. Salvation in that moment is aligning yourself with what you with what is actually true. The truth is lived your life in the wrong way. And at some point he says, all right, I can’t go back in time, but I can start now. Essentially, I can start being in alignment with truth. I didn’t live in the right way. And you can feel the pain start to go out of him as soon. So the idea that there’s physical suffering and then there’s the suffering of denial on top of it, and we all know that if your leg hurts but you can’t let it hurt, it kind of hurts more. So I think that’s what in the book, the Frenchman correctly posits that if they could just get Boone to say, yeah, I lied, I really did. I’m sorry that would represent a better state of being for him than the one in which he actually dies, and which he continues to deny it. So that’s the truth. So before there’s repentance, there has to be acceptance. I think there has to be Yeah, you have to be in relation to what you actually did. And then so sin it’s a word I brought from my Catholic childhood. But now I understand it as I mean, it can be so infinitesimal. You’re feeling x and you say you’re feeling x prime. That’s going to cause you a little pain. That’s the idea. And yeah, that’s sin and that’s the sin. And now the characters will use that word, the Frenchman he died in 1890 or something. So he’s using it in a traditional sense. But I think it’s compatible with this. This other felt like the Frenchman was too hard on himself in his character. He’s somebody who helped invent the engine. And now he’s haunting the world, trying to make everybody aware of how much damage the engine has done. But yeah. No, you’re exactly right. The engine is pretty great. And so does Jill. But one of the fun things about writing a book for me, and in this method, I use is a lot of iteration. And so I think early in the book, I thought Jill was kind of right. And then as I kept revising it, the Frenchman seemed to be right. And then I started to see, oh, they’re both kind out of their minds. They’re dead. So the Frenchman, he’s very much neurotic in that way. There are these manic spirits who aren’t quite focused on. They’ve got some truth in them, but they’re expressing inefficiently. And poor CJ Boone is these are his two guardian angels, and they’re both kind of mess UPS. So, so I thought, yeah, I think that in the final analysis of the book, I went, oh, this is so sad. He does need some help, but neither of these people is willing to give it to him. The Frenchman comes in so hot and so angry that anybody would resist him. And Jill assuages so in such of cozy way that nobody could take correction from her either. So Boone floats through and in a sense, he’s not saved. Actually, I was thinking about this. This tension in the book because I think it is one that we exist in a very intense way right now. Both in our own lives, people around us, but also politically, internationally, between what is the path of truth of kindness. Is it to be. Judgmental or is it to be understanding. Is it to look at JD Vance and his cruelties? And I’m not necessarily asking you to comment on JD Vance and think, well, I’ve read your book and I see how much trauma you went through as a child, and I understand that on some level, that all made you who you are today, and the cruelty you’re inflicting on others comes from a insecurity and a fear Q&A or is it to say you’re an adult man imbued with enormous power, who claims to be a Catholic like shape up Yeah, be who you claim to be. And that’s the book. That’s the book Yeah and I think it’s also the life Yeah no, it is. And I think the answer is yes. You do have to do both. There’s a beautiful Buddhist teacher named Francesca Fremantle, and she has a talk that’s on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. And she has the most mind blowing answer, because what she says is there’s no difference if you have compassion for the victims of this cruelty, that’s important, of course, protect them. But if you run around to the other side of the table and you say, she says, the way she puts it is when you think about the karmic consequences of the sins, they’re are committing, the harm that they’re doing, she says. I wouldn’t wish that on my worst enemy. So if you want if you want to help them, if you have any bandwidth for that, then what you would do is stop them, within your principles, within your nonviolence, and you stop them. Then you save the victims and you save the perpetrators. So I think in a higher realm, it’s an identical act. It’s also true, as you said, that these people aren’t doing these horribly cruel things out of nowhere. But again, I think we’d want to avoid that idiot compassion of and somehow, in our attempt to understand them, we enable them. That’s also a danger. We introduce them or we excuse them. Yes you have a line. And forgive me because I don’t have it in front of me. It’s something like specificity. It’s how specificity and judgment are opposed to each other. But what is I think the idea and again, I get this from writing workshop and then from writing if you move towards specificity, facile judgment goes away. So in a workshop, for example, somebody will say, oh, I think your story’s boring. You can’t work with that. So then you ask, be more specific. Where is it boring. And what do you mean by boring. And as you go through that process, it becomes diagnostic. It’s oh, actually, there’s a thought that’s repeated three times in the paragraph on page 6. Oh, O.K. Could you choose one of those repetitions. And a writer can hear that. They can hear. Oh eliminate one repetition. That’s all good. Whereas you’re boring is less appealing. I mean, the example I thought of before is if you had five Republicans and 5 Democrats on the town board and you asked them to discuss immigration. You’re going to get a fight because they’re all pre-programmed with their media inputs, and it’s going to just be just turn on MSNBC and Fox and let them and everybody can go and have lunch, and the TVs can fight. But if you said, O.K, we’ve got $10,000 to fix potholes in our little town and we’ve got $20,000 worth of potholes, what do we do. Suddenly the politics is gone. You’re like, well, we should probably fix the one in front of the ER. And so it becomes and then as you start talking about individual potholes, it’s just science. So I think that’s what I mean by specificity squeezes out facile judgment. I mean, you don’t to squeeze out judgment, but you want to squeeze out that kind of quality of empty, agitated, abstract opining that seems to be prevalent right now, which I don’t think really produces much except angst Yeah, it’s one of the reasons I loved the central tension of the book because I feel this tension every day right now, that there is wisdom and grace and a path at times to a higher version of myself in trying to understand, and I took the specificity point differently. The specificity of other people, how they became who they are, how they are doing things that I cannot imagine, or supporting things. Forget the people doing them who I think bear much more culpability. Just people who are just voting for it. And I am angry at some of them. And I love them. I love them, some of them individually “And then And then also, as my neighbors and my countrymen. But if you go too far down that path of just trying to explain how everything becomes an inevitable occurrence, I do think your ability to make judgments and to work for a different world can become compromised. Buddhism, Catholicism, all of them. In addition to having practices of how do I make it possible to love my enemy. How do I understand that everything has interdependent arising also a very tight moral codes about what is right and what is wrong. Sure, but I think all those things are compatible. If you. I think that the problem is when you start trying to understand your enemy. O.K I come from a scientific background. So for me to say, can you understand a geological problem. Of course, there’s no problem and there’s no limit to the lengths you can go to understand that problem. It doesn’t incriminate you. It doesn’t. It doesn’t involve you. So likewise, if the goal was to try to understand your enemies, I think the point of that is it’s kind of strategic. I mean, if you’re a football coach and you’re playing a team, if you could inhabit the mind of the other coach for five minutes, that would be unbelievably great. I deeply agree with that. So the problem. But the problem is, I think in that process of trying to understand there’s something I certainly have it where as I try to understand, I think I’m trying to quote unquote, empathize. That’s where I think it gets a little for me personally. It gets a little mushy because then you start to feel a kind of a overinvestment that then interferes with the judgment that you have to have. Like this guy in the book, he kind of is a pretty good father, I think. Pretty good maybe. We don’t really know. But he at least he would say he is. His daughter loves him. We can say that. Yes, she does. And she’s disappointed in him and he seems to love her. If I had said, oh, he’s evil, I don’t want him. He’s going to be a terrible father. I think that’s a less convincing portrait of him. So for me, the empathy thing, both in a book. But when we’re imagining our political enemies, it has to be scientific, it has to be objective. And then you can get to where you need to be emotionally. But I think that the feeling maybe on the left especially is I’m going to understand the Trump supporters and then I won’t have this anxiety about disliking them. But you can understand somebody deeply and dislike them or let’s say, oppose them. And I think at the highest level you can oppose somebody in this way, we’re talking about, which is lacking facile judgment, but very firm. I think one of the strangest political delusions that I see that does not seem to go away is the idea that people who do bad things will present as bad people. It’s the Cruella Vil falsity Yeah, the Cruella Vil falsity. One of the things that affected me a lot over the last year was I read this book by Philippe sands called East West Street, and he was on the show, and it’s a book about the development of the concept of genocide and war crimes, and it’s a book about the Holocaust. And he’s writing it at great length about, among other people, the man Hitler puts in charge of governing Poland. And this person has an incredible artistic sensitivity. He truly loves art and music, and he’s a beautiful player of the piano. And, you read so much. I mean, you’ve made arguments like this, but I wasn’t thinking about it here, about the way art is supposed to enlarge your soul. And then the Nazis really cared about aesthetics. Say what you will about them. They really cared about aesthetics. But I don’t think I’ve ever made the argument that art enlarges everyone’s soul and will therefore solve everything. I think of it more if you say, if somebody went into a gym and said, this doesn’t work. They’re still chubby people in here. It’s just from my own experience, I’m not accusing you of that claim. What I’m saying more is it and I’ve seen it. I’ve seen so many people go and meet with Donald Trump and come and be like, oh, he’s really charming and personable. And I’m like, of course he’s charming and personable. Like, what were you expecting. But this is where the science comes in. Because if you go in and you see he’s charming and personable just add it to your data set. O.K noted. He’s doing these incoherent things. He seems to be kind of largely incoherent in his views and in his plans. He seems to have a terrific, mean streak. And when I talk to him, he’s so nice. O.K, so now we have a New portrait of the man, and I think that would totally enable one to oppose him. Better better than if you had a caricature of him that didn’t comply with truth. I don’t to me, as a scientist, I mean. Well, yeah, of course, want all the information you could have. And if it’s hard to process or it’s complicated, that’s O.K. That’s just part of the game. So I think that’s part of maybe there’s so much emotion right now, so much agitation and fear. And I think that somehow for some reason, that makes people crave autopilot, a set of beliefs that’s very simple and is sturdy in every circumstance. And that’s not really what human beings are good at. I mean, we like it, we like it. But out of that comes violence and extremity. And I would say that’s what the right is doing right now. They somehow I think they know they’re looting the House and they know their time is limited. And so they’re agitated and they’re on autopilot. And anybody who opposes them is a leftist lunatic. You have the evidence of your senses. Says this in Minneapolis is a murder. They fictionalize the fact that he was, quote unquote, brandishing a gun. That’s panic. That’s panic. But it’s also autopilot, because a person not on autopilot would watch the damn video, and would adjust their viewpoint accordingly. That’s what intelligent people do. Or it’s funny. I wonder if it’s autopilot or. Well, one of the things it is autopilot. It is an attempt to impose is the domination that power can have over other people on reality itself Yeah when I see that, when I see when I am lied to in that way, I understand it as an act of domination. Percent they do not expect me to believe it. Well, what it’s like. It’s like if you went into a really nice restaurant and somebody. The waiter brought you three turds on a tray and put it down. Enjoy there’s a kind of a disbelief that he just did that. If you don’t stand up and say, get this, get these turds out of here, bring me my lasagna, then he’s one. And if he keeps bringing the turds and you don’t call him on it, then you erode your belief in truth erodes and you start to shrink. And pretty soon they’re all bets are off. So I think that’s where. And now what amazes me is that they want that and they know how to do it, that’s the part that if I was going to write a book about this time, I would try. I would really want to understand because as you said, I don’t think that they I don’t think anyone gets up in the morning and goes, yeah, ha, time to be evil. I don’t think so. I mean, there are probably some sociopaths and so on, but mostly I think JD Vance wakes up in the morning and he feels like a good Catholic. And that’s fascinating to me. I don’t despite being repeatedly rebuked by popes in the past. But I mean, a couple of years after he turned Catholic. It is interesting. And as a writer, that’s such rich stuff to go towards that which you don’t understand and vow not to falsify it in either direction. Just look at it, look at it, look at it. That’s rich. You’re For a long time, you’ve been known as the kindness guy. You gave this famous speech Yeah see, there it is. And I can see you in interviews recently pushing back on it. I can see the way you’ve become very uncomfortable with it. And I was thinking as we were talking that compared to other times when I’ve spoken to you, it feels to me like the concept of the virtue, the practice you are circling has changed its truth. You’ve developed a view about truth that is lying at the core of what you’re doing. Certainly in this conversation, I think so, yeah. I mean, the kindness thing. I made that one speech, and I stand behind it, but it was kind of a simple it’s your fault for making a good man, right. No, nobody did that. The speech says the speech says I suck at kindness and it’s too bad. So then, of course, the way that things work is you talk about if we had to talk about squirrels and I said, I really love squirrels, that’s going to show up in the next seven interviews. So let’s talk about your relation to squirrels. So it does kind of it replicates and I’m certainly for kindness and I try to be nice and I try to have good public manners. But then I’m in truth. It starts to work into people’s interpretation of your work. As if that’s what I’m trying to do is model kindness in my work, which is so far from the truth of what your work has always had a bite. What’s your relationship to anger. I have it all the time. I’ve had a rough couple of years and a lot of illness in the family and a dog sick and all kinds of weird things. And most days I’m just a little agitated and. Entitled and pissed off. A lot of days I’m struggling with that. So in the Buddhist tradition, that’s a course. I mean, you have negative emotions. Who doesn’t. And the whole thing is to try to work with those somehow. Maybe in some traditions you could take a negative emotion and convert it to a positive emotion. So, I mean, this is a thing about this kind of shtick that bugs me is I can be struggling through a day with say, with our sick dog. And what I’m doing all day is just trying to be do the right thing for her and interrupt narratives of anxiety that I’m having about what I should be doing. How long do I have to do this before I have to rush off. That’s a whole day. And then you get on a call and someone says, tell me about your approach to kindness. It seems so hypocritical that. And it seems so partial, because yes, kindness, of course, and empathy and all that stuff. But if you are an adult, that stuff has to take place on a much higher level than just intending to be kind. I’ve been in my own period of change and growth and rupture, and part of that has been actually developing a closer relationship to anger that in. There are many ways in which I have found trying to be kind cut me off from my own anger was so much more frightening and emotion to me, certainly to say nothing of an action than kindness. But there were things I wasn’t seeing because I wasn’t allowing that in. And part of what I’ve been going through personally is letting myself feel. If not, act on, more of my own negative emotions because there is truth in them too. Percent so. So tell me about the relationship for you between anger, between fury, between judgment and truth. Well, I think first of all, I think I have AI had or maybe still have a misunderstanding of kindness being niceness. Kindness is a deep concept. And it’s not about nice. I think it’s about being beneficial in the moment you’re in. So, so kindness wouldn’t have to be tidy and mincing it’s something else. And so I almost feel like striking that word from my personal vocabulary because it’s confusing. So if you have anger then I would say the primary thing is to go, yeah, it’s almost like if you had hunger, what would it be like to go, oh no, I’m not hungry because that’s not a virtuous you’re hungry. That’s all right. And then so if you’re angry, then I think the idea would be to think about. Well, one controlling it. I mean, that’s O.K. It’s O.K to control your anger and then also to think about the source of it and so on, all those kind of things we all do that could be construed as ultimately a form of kindness because you’re dealing with what is truth. I had a young woman come up at this event and she said, I can’t write because I’m so anxious. And she was so, so sweet and so heartfelt about it. And you could see she was really struggling. And I thought, well, O.K. And I said, well, what if you said I wasn’t so anxious, I couldn’t write. That’s what I said. That’s what I said. I said, actually your anxiety, let’s just not call it that. Let’s turn it a little bit and call it beautiful high standards. Can you think of it that way. And you go, well, maybe I said, yeah, because you’re anxious because you love this form so much you don’t want to mess it up. That’s good. So anyway, that whole process of taking anger and going, yeah, of course I’m pissed off, and in my work, that’s exactly what I’m doing. I think I’m taking darkness and neurosis and OCD and anger and all that stuff, and then putting it on the page and trying to work with it. I find anxiety a lot easier to feel than anger, and a lot easier to talk about than anger, because anxiety is like I am feeling that elicits sympathy as opposed to glamorous anxiety is a little. It’s also become trendy. I agree with that. But what you just made me think of with that conversation you had with that woman is over the years, I’ve looked very deeply into my own anxiety. What I always noticed to be at its very bottom is energy. And I really don’t think I could do my work a large amount of my work is the energy in me that becomes anxiety just harnessed to productivity. I think it was I remember who said it, but maybe Tina Fey said that you could say I’m nervous, or you could say I’m excited. And they’re similar. The writers I work with at Syracuse, you can’t. Truncate them. You can’t say, don’t be what you are. But you can say can we together reconceptualize that thing that you’re naming in a negative way. Just turn it slightly and see if it’s not a virtue, because it has to be, for a person to write a book that’s powerful. They have to take everything that they have, and even the stuff that they habitually labeled as negative can be turned. So anger. Well, really, in some situations, anger is just an appropriate reaction to injustice or to disalignment and misalignment. But for me, writing that’s what you’re doing in every second you’re taking a sentence that’s a little messed up and you’re putting it on the table and going, oh, O.K, let’s make that more specific. Let’s just turn it a little bit, and suddenly it pops into something that’s more truthful. I am saying that I think you are something in you is changing or something in the way you’re at least presenting yourself is changing. I can feel your discomfort with one, but I want it because we’ve talked about truth so much here. I don’t have any questions here on Truth, because it’s not a word that is coming up constantly in the book. You haven’t done a big speech on it. And it’s lowercase truth. It’s just truth. But what is it. The way. It’s the way things are. The way they’re supposed to be. It’s for you. The way Dow, the way they are. The way I don’t know. I don’t know enough about it. It’s the way things are. I mean, but you can be out of alignment with the way things are. So of course Yeah that’s sin as we’ve said. You said it’s sin. But then what do you mean by the way things are. Because somebody’s out of alignment with the way things are, is part of the way things are. Yes, but the truth, the truth just means from my point of view, what’s happening right now and but also with a dose of skepticism about the way my mind answers that question. I read a beautiful quote by Trungpa Rinpoche. He said, everything that you feel and enjoy and hate and crave. He said, it’s all memory. So a certain loose relation to appearances that says this is all a dream or it’s all a form of memory that’s happening. So let’s not get too attached to the way things appear and in our actions. Let’s factor that in. So truth is just well, let’s say what’s not truth. What’s not truth is your mindstream in a given situation, you walk into a party and you feel judged. You feel judged. Are people actually judging you. Maybe now you go into the party and you can see oh honestly, man, nowadays if you’re me, they kind of are O.K. So right. But I mean that truth is not I don’t think there’s anything lofty, but I think it’s just saying in a given moment, can I through the various scale models that my mind is presenting to a quieter place and in the quieter place you’re processing more data. So if you go to that party and your mind is quiet and you see somebody smiling at you, you go, oh, O.K, noted. Or you see somebody giving the side eye, you just note it more honestly. So I think truth is something it’s very simple. It’s not. And in and again for me to go local in a book and this is weird and I can’t really defend this in a piece of writing. Truth is what works. So if a certain and of course, it’s all by your standards as the writer. But if a certain part of the prose comes alive, there’s truth in it. That’s why I asked about. And I’m not a Daoist either. And I don’t know that much about the tau, but what you were describing to me sounds a little bit more like the idea that there is a flow to the world. And I know people who are the facet of my life that I’ve been privileged to some people who I think are fundamentally Mystics, and they’re a little more in touch with something. I thought you said Mystics. Mystics Mystics. They are a little more in touch with something than I am, and they resistance than I do. And they feel currents that I don’t Yeah and to maybe make the argument for CJ Boone here for a moment, they are not the people trying to master nature to make it possible to fly from Brazil to Japan, or wipe out certain forms of illnesses and childhood illnesses, that there is something that is a fascinating tension. I do believe there is something that you keep calling it truth. I think of it as a kind of current in life. And I think people who are at a higher level of spiritual attainment than I am can sometimes sense it Yeah, I know people like that too. And I’ve heard it described as basic sanity. Are you in relation to what actually is. And then there is something beautifully human and amazing about the struggle with the world as it is, the effort to change it, not to master it, but to alter it. The way, Kid you, Boone is a villain in this book. The villainy to him is that he was an oil executive. He knew that climate change was happening and he lied and he sowed doubt about it. If you took that out though, right. If you just said if you actually separately, imagine somebody who is the CJ Boone of clean energy, the CJ Boone of solar panels, that person might have all of his ambition and his energy and his ferocity and his aggression and his cruelty. They may have papered over, not papered over, paneled over huge amounts of forest and that the people you can be trying to remake this world and be not obviously villainous about it, but it’s going to have villainy in it. There’s going to be cost. There’s going to be. I think there’s something interesting in this being close to truth and then also this kind of trying to act upon the world and make it fundamentally different than the way it is. I’m not sure I feel that question Yeah, I mean, it doesn’t feel true to I mean, it’s got a concept thing that I don’t. So I think if you could put anybody in this book in that bed, but I think the reason it’s him is because he’s almost cartoonishly sinful. He’s done some and I just I was back in maybe 2022. There was a string of weather disasters, and I was watching it was almost funny. Like, what would a climate change denier make of this. Could they still say nothing’s happening. So it’s really just an attempt to put somebody exaggeratedly, quote unquote, evil into the book. And let the world work on him. So, I but you don’t feel any recognition of this other thing I’m saying, which is that you’re circling this idea of truth. And the idea of truth to you is the world as it is the person’s a person’s ability in a given moment to be open to what’s actually happening. Yes yeah. And you don’t feel that there is, to some degree, a tension between that and the better side of CJ Boone, which is a person’s ability to look at the world and say it should be radically different than it is. I think that’s beautiful. There’s no problem. It’s the. The thing that makes him problematic is that he did that with something under his cloak. He really wasn’t in he was both in and out of relation with what was real. He knew in some way that he was Shilling a falsehood. So, so he wasn’t in relation to things as they were, except in this false way. So yeah, I don’t see it. In other words, from a novelistic standpoint, everything is sacred. Everything is interesting, in other words. And ideally, you’re just like in the 60s parlance, digging it like, oh, wow, look at that. A hustler, a man, a criminal, a ST. It’s all occurs and therefore it’s worthy of your attention. And the best book would be one that I have not written yet, which lets all of that in with a very minimal judgment. And even I think a feeling of if we define it correctly, celebration like, oh, look. Look at this universe. It’s amazing. Has anyone written that book. Oh, yeah. Shakespeare I mean, I think every great book has a little hint of that in there. So the idea that you would I mean, it kind of resonates with what we talked earlier about specificity in the best of Shakespeare. I think what you feel is a God’s eye view of someone going, whoa, this is amazing. And laying it all out there without fear or favor and without the hardest thing to do for a writer without tilting the board based on your own viewpoint that the vastness that you feel in him. And with this book I worried a lot about because of the point of view we’re in, mostly in his point of view as mediated by Jill. I didn’t have a chance to tell you my political beliefs, my beliefs about climate change. I only could signal over the character’s head to you. And that was. I could feel that as an act of tension and a sign of my immaturity as a writer, because I want you to know that I know he’s a bad guy. Well, I think a more mature writer would be somewhat more open about that wouldn’t be quite so fearful that his political agenda and his shtick was being hidden. How old are you now. 300 yeah, but I feel like somebody asked me how would I feel the other day. And the number that came into my mind before I had thought up an answer was 58. I was like, oh my God. Wow oh that’s good. Very specific Yeah, I’m 67, just turned 60. Do you surprise yourself more now than you did when you were 40 or less. Probably less, I think. I think. I mean, not in a way, not in a negative sense, but the places where I expect surprise that’s narrowed. So I expect surprise when I’m writing and that comes more surprises there. As a person, I would say, well, actually. Probably, yeah, I think less. I think things are a little more patterned. I think I ask for my own personal. How do you feel about it. I find I’m surprising myself, particularly recently, more than I did when I was in my 20s. And what flavor. And professionally. Personally no, I mean professionally, a lot of things are surprising, but. But that’s not what I mean here. I think I am, I think in some ways, because I’m more settled in myself, I have noticed myself allowing myself to change more than I did at other times. I think I was more afraid of being out of control of parts of me cracking or having to open. And now I’ve been through that process of internal rupture. A few times, yeah. And you can survive it and. And so I think I’m more open to the idea that in different periods I will have to change. I think at this point, one of the things that gets a little scary is that the blind spots get bigger. There are things when you’re younger, I think you the world hits you in ways that makes you aware of the blind spots. And I think as you get older and especially as you get I have a teaching life and I have most of the areas in my life allow me to think I’m all right. And so then your blind spots sit there very happily and they just expand so that can be scary. But I think for me writing is one way where a lot of that gets overturned. But then also I guess in just in terms of repetition, the number of things that you’ve done and seen and thought, just the sheer volume over the years, it starts to put you into a better relation with truth. So, for example, I remember this is when I turned 40, but I was walking to teach at Syracuse and I was having a certain thought stream a certain kind of pre-teaching nervous, mind fart, basically. And I thought, oh my God, I’ve been having this since I was eight years old, kind of a little pep talk you give yourself when you’re feeling nervous. And at that point, I thought, I wonder if I’ll be doing this when I’m 90. And a little voice said, yeah, of course, you will. That’s so that stuff happens more and more and you start to see yourself as a kind of patterned, repetitive being, for better or worse. And that kind of makes for a certain relaxation oh, I’m just trapped. I’m trapped inside this guy. And I can work with him a little more, maybe something like that. I think that’s a lovely place to end. Always our final question. What are three books you’d recommend to the audience. Well, there’s one. I’m sure you read this, but “I Will Bear Witness” by Victor Klemperer. It’s an incredible. I just I bought this recently, but I have not read it yet. It’s incredible. And there’s one volume that covers. Can you describe what it is? Yeah somebody described it as the first book that shows the Holocaust in color, as opposed to black and white. So he’s a professor, and I think he’s in Dresden. And there’s this unforgettable scene where he goes into the butcher, who he’s known for years, and the butcher says, hey, Professor, I’m so sorry, but it’s not me, it’s Berlin. And he can’t sell him meat anymore. And so the his world gets constricted. He loses his office, then he loses his job, then he loses his house. But it happens over, I think about a five year period. So reading that now, it’s kind of amazing how relatively slowly it’s happening. And then every so often something seeps in. And so it’s a really interesting read for right now. And then the other one I would recommend, I maybe have recommended it before because I love it so much, but it’s “Red Cavalry” by Isaac Babel. The Jewish Russian writer. And I think what well, it speaks to me about that book right now. It’s so chaotic and it’s written from different points of view, and it doesn’t really who’s speaking to you. And the kind of very, very understated through line of the book is this Jewish kid throws in with the revolution and they go back and forth over Poland mistreating Jews and mistreating everybody. And so his heart slowly starts to turn against the revolution. So I think it speaks to me of the way I feel about the country right now, that as soon as you sit on a truth, it gets knocked out from under you and that kind of kaleidoscopic feeling. And then the third one would be maybe more of an antidote. It’s a beautiful book called “The Place of Tides” by James Rebanks, and he just goes nonfiction and he goes to Iceland. I think it’s off Iceland, and he lives with this woman who is her job is to collect eiderdown. And there’s an elaborate process where you lure the ducks in by being very quiet, basically, and setting up little environments that they’ll like. And then they come in and they leave eiderdown, which is then collected and sold. But it’s such a quiet, beautiful, meditative book. It’s got true what I would call rising action, but it’s so subtle. And it just made me think a lot about how much we miss with the speed of our lives and the technology. And this book works that way. You start reading it and it really announces that it’s going to take its time. And then slowly it just builds into this beautiful kind of crescendo at the end. George Saunders, thank you very much. Thank you so much for having me.
